ADAR RNA editing below the backbone

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Authors

KEEGAN Liam KHAN Anzer VUKIĆ Dragana O'CONNELL Mary

Year of publication 2017
Type Article in Periodical
Magazine / Source RNA
MU Faculty or unit

Central European Institute of Technology

Citation
Web http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2017/05/30/rna.060921.117.abstract
Doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.060921
Field Biochemistry
Keywords ADAR; Drosophila melanogaster; RNA editing; dsRNA; RNA modification; epitranscriptome
Description ADAR RNA editing enzymes (adenosine deaminases acting on RNA) that convert adenosine bases to inosines were first identified biochemically 30 years ago. Since then, studies on ADARs in genetic model organisms, and evolutionary comparisons between them, continue to reveal a surprising range of pleiotropic biological effects of ADARs. This review focuses on Drosophila melanogaster, which has a single Adar gene encoding a homolog of vertebrate ADAR2 that site-specifically edits hundreds of transcripts to change individual codons in ion channel subunits and membrane and cytoskeletal proteins. Drosophila ADAR is involved in the control of neuronal excitability and neurodegeneration and, intriguingly, in the control of neuronal plasticity and sleep. Drosophila ADAR also interacts strongly with RNA interference, a key antiviral defense mechanism in invertebrates. Recent crystal structures of human ADAR2 deaminase domain-RNA complexes help to interpret available information on Drosophila ADAR isoforms and on the evolution of ADARs from tRNA deaminase ADAT proteins. ADAR RNA editing is a paradigm for the now rapidly expanding range of RNA modifications in mRNAs and ncRNAs. Even with recent progress, much remains to be understood about these groundbreaking ADAR RNA modification systems.
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